Today there are about 280 species of worms to grow and you can live in the human body, the disease of various organs and tissues. The frequency of the infection with worms of the man of the climate depends on I socio-economic conditions of certain areas (in less developed countries, especially those situated in tropical, subtropical and area the level of infections parasitic and much higher than in developed countries).
The routes of infection of human with helminths:
- Bioelements (infection of animals).
- Helminth infections contagious (transmitted from person to person).
- Geohelminths (disease caused by parasites in charge of one of the cycles of life on earth).
Factors that influence the manifestations helminthiasis
The Method of penetration of the parasite in the body:
- The degree of adaptation of worms to the human body;
- Population density (number) of parasitic examples;
- The habitat of the worm (tissue parasites live in the cu and thick fabric luminal live in the Lumina of hollow organs). Some helminths in both have different phases luminal and tissue forms. And the development of larval stages of worms, as a general rule, the causes pathological changes most serious.
In the absence of re-infection the number of parasitic adults in the human body is not in increase. This feature distinguishes helminth infection diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa including.
Worms in humans: symptoms
Helminthiasis and a disease that is characterized by the un phase 2 total (sharp, from two weeks up to two months) and chronic (months of several to several years).
The symptoms of the acute phase of infections helminth
The first signs of the disease may appear in different moments of time (often 2-3 weeks, ascariasis – original works of art from 2-3 days, and filariose when the incubation period can last 6-18 months).
In the acute phase of the infestation parasitic symptom Marta offers an allergic reaction (and the development of antibodies to the antigens of the migration of the larvae of parasites). Often people with infected worms appear in the skin, itchy rash, prone to relapse course, the object of the enlargement of the regional lymph nodes, can cause generalized or local edema, muscle and joint pain. The migration of the larvae of the parasite can cause pains in the chest, cough, asthma, disorders stool, nausea and vomiting.
At the same time, the acute phase of infections helminth may be accompanied by more serious disorders (a form of severe pneumonia, hepatitis, allergic myocarditis, hepatosplenomegaly (enlargement of the liver and of the spleen).
In the blood increases the number of eosinophils (eosinophilia) and that interferes with the normal relationship quantitative between the protein fractions (dysproteinemia).
Signs of chronic diseases helminthiasis
The symptoms of chronic disease phase depends on which body "inhabited" by the parasites, and also play un important role as its size and number.
Therefore, when the parasite in the intestine of single individuals, the disease can be asymptomatic (with the exception of cases of very large parasites). Is characteristic of chronic phase intestinal helminths are dyspepsia. The children have expressed a large part asthenoneurotic and pain. With a massive infestation by Ascaris may develop intestinal obstruction, jaundice and pancreatitis or obstructive.
Consuming all the essential elements for the activity of the substances from the hostel, the worms cause digestive disorders, malabsorption of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, proteins and fats. At the same time, the products of the worms ' rejection and inhibit the intestinal flora in normal and immune low energy of the body.
People who suffer from helminthiasis, due to an immune system weakness, and s has improved the cell division process (research permanent damaged tissue parasites) significantly increases the risk of malignant tumors.
Species of helminths, parasitic in the human body
The causative agents of human beings helminthiasis 2 are types of worms: round (nematodes) and flat (tapeworms and flukes).
Worms
Pinworm
Parasites cause Those that are small pinworms (up to 10 mm) thin abdominal worms, have a gray-white color. The infection occurs through the alimentary (to the mouth). The reason that the hands dirty. The eggs of the parasite can remain in the soil, on the fleece of infected pets, sense washing fruits and vegetables, etc. however, when enterobiasis cases of samsarajade (especially in children) resulting from the scratching of the itchy areas and subsequent to the ingestion of the eggs. Pinworm larva develops within two weeks in the digestive tract. Becoming a worm parasite adult to the bottom, and thin parts of the colon superior.
Ascaris
Ascaris parasite of a large fusiform red-yellow, reaching the adult age, 40 cm (women) and 15-25 cm (men). Not having suction cups or other devices of assembly, Ascaris and able to the food to move towards the masses. Eggs to put the female parasite s with the eliminated feces.
Infection with ascariasis occurs in case of ingestion of the Mature eggs with the water, or wash sense fruits and vegetables that contain particles of soil. Original works of art of the penetration of eggs in the have matured intestines the larvae. Then, in the wall penetrating intestinal, which, through the bloodstream reaches the heart, and therefore in the lungs. Through the alveoli pulmonary s roundworm larvae through the respiratory tract enters back into the oral cavity. Original works of art of swallowing a of re-the parasite reaches the small intestine, where they develop into an adult. The worm of life for 12 months, and original works of art dies and is removed along with the faeces. In the intestine of a host can live as one, and many hundreds of people.
Whipworm
Whipworm, which causes trichuriasis and white worms, parasitic home in the tram of the large intestine that I get to sizes of 4-5 cm parasite that Feeds on blood and tissues of the membrana mucosa of the rectum.
Whipworm eggs laid by the female in the intestine, come out with feces. Its development occurs in the environment (optimally in the ground). Eggs matured in the larvae of the parasite ex: in the body through the food, through dirty hands, water sense or washing the fruits and vegetables.
The species Trichinella
The causative agent of trichinosis are small worms round, reaching 2-5 mm in length. The infection occurs by eating meat undercooked (pork, meat of vultures of the bear, or wild boar). Penetrating in the intestine, the larvae of the parasite within the mor Mature 3-4 for the un state of Maturity of individuals. The life cycle of the worm and of 40 days, original works of art that the parasite dies. Proberably the intestinal wall, the larvae penetrate the bloodstream and spread to all the organs of the human body, settling in the muscles. In this case, most often affects the respiratory muscles and facial muscles and of the limbs.
In the early days of the invasion original work of art, the patients complain of abdominal pain. Then, original works of art of approximately 2 weeks, the temperature of the body rises a 39-40 ° C, appear in the skin with itching, rashes and muscle develop pain, swelling of the face. In this period, in the case of an infection is massive, there is un important risk of death. Original works of art a month of recovery is produced. The parasite is encapsulated in a spiral shape, original works of art dies of two years.
I Ancylostoma necator
Pigs two are similar in biological characteristics and disease called. With this sense, it was for the right to decide to merge under the name Marta (hookworm). Worms, reaching lengths of 10-15 mm, feed 12-p intestine. It should be noted that this offers to one of the most common, but, at the same time, it is rarely detectable parasites. The larvae of worms in the human body to penetrate through the skin by contact with infected soil. In addition, once in the blood stream, that as well as roundworm migrate to the lungs and through the bronchi, along with otharkivajushche phlegm in the digestive tract. Ancylostoma parasite in the intestine, attaching themselves to the intestinal wall. Parasite of the Un that feed exclusively on blood, their bites penetrate the membrane " lining the blood vessels and injecting anti-coagulant component hi. During the day, an adult of average of the pot absorb 0.05-0.35 ml of blood. Therefore, the symptom characteristic of this helminthiasis and iron deficiency anemia, I changing the proportion of types of protein (dysproteinemia).
Flat worms
Had Un
In This, one of the largest worms, reaching a length of between 10 and 20 metres. The disease caused by this parasite, called difillobotrioz. The development cycle of the worm starts with fish from the river or crabs. In the human body that in the end of reception of the wide had the larva meets with caviar or infected fish fillet. Reach the small intestine, the parasite's stick to your wall, and within 20-25 days grows to the Maturity of the people.
Liver Fluke
That causes The parasite opisthorchiasis and a flat ccuc, reaching lengths d'7-20 mm. It should be noted that more than 50% of cases of liver infection, Fluke (also called cat Fluke) affects the inhabitants of Russia. The parasite, the larvae begin to develop original works of art from contact with the eggs in fresh water (to swallow them screws). More that penetrate into the body of the fish (carp, crucian carp, bream, roach). Humans infection occurs by contaminated meat to eat fish that has not passed sufficient heat treatment. The larva of liver Fluke from the small intestine penetrate into the bile ducts and the gallbladder, fixing it with the help of two cups of suction.
Beef and pork had
These are almost identical in structure, the parasites reach a length of 5-6 metres. Infection with meat infection and teniasis had and due to the consumption of meat veal pork or infected with the Finns (one of the forms of intermediate helminthiasis). Viable Finns of presentar in the form of bubbles of whitish color reach the size of 0.5 cm in the unit on the wall of the small intestine of man and for up to 3 months, it turns into an adult. Belt of the parasite, which consists of more than 2,000 segments, constant is in growth. However, the end segments, which contain eggs, I move to break off independently through the colon to the anus, and original works of art crawl of the anus, or released into the environment with the feces. The most common symptoms of infections and helminth disruption of the digestive system.
Echinococcus
For this parasite, the man, the intermediate host. The ccuc and parasitic in the human body in the form of Finnish. The final host of Echinococcus – the wolf, the dog or cat. The infection occurs through the food in contact with the animals and objects with the environment, contamination of the eggs of Echinococcus. Original work of art ex: d in the intestine, of which the development of oncospheres (larvae shestigrannye). From the intestine they penetrate into the blood stream and spread all over the body.
Alveolar
This parasite is considered to be a species of Echinococcus and the cause of one of the most dangerous helminth infections (of alveococcosis), with gravity flow and similar to the cirrhosis and liver cancer. Infection occurs by the penetration of oncospheres (eggs, larvae and Mature) in the intestines. There is the embryo emerges from the egg, I, penetrating into the intestinal wall, enters the bloodstream. In addition, the bloodstream parasite is distributed to all tissues and organs of the body (located most often in the liver). And in That the larvae will find the main stage (formed by the multi-bubble, labrocyte). Each cell contains the embryonic head of the parasite, which continues to develop slowly. Eurocity offers a very aggressive formacio, constant is in growth due to the increase of bubbles, it also has the ability to grow in the liver, such as cancer metastasis.
Diagnosis of helminthiasis
Diagnosis of worm infestation includes the following activities:
- a thorough history, to help identify the possible causes of the infection;
- laboratory testing of stool, blood, the content", 12P of the colon, rectum and perianal mucus, muscle tissue, lung sputum bile. The analysis can be identified eggs, segments or fragments of parasites. However, to increase the blood pressure levels of eosinophils and also of the un as a sign of the presence of helminthiasis.
- in the diagnosis of diseases caused by larval stages or tissue parasites are serology (IFA, RSK, the reaction of indirect agglutination, immunofluorescence analysis etc.).
- for the detection of helminths affecting the liver, tissue, assign s to the ultrasound, CT and endoscopic examinations.
Worms treatment humans
In the acute phase of the infection parasitic, the patient is prescribed detoxication therapy desensitizing. En severe course of the disease (un trematode of the liver, trichinosis) for medical indications used glucocorticoid.
As therapy drugs specific given the nature of the agent assigned to the un special worming agents chemotherapeutic.
In parallel, the patient is recommended to take antihistamines and chelators. The final phase of treatment involves the use of probiotics, the normalization of the intestinal microflora.
Also named to avoid the special diet (food must be easily digestible and contain little fats).
In the period of antihelminthic therapy of the patient requires strict adherence to personal hygiene (to prevent reinfestation). At the same time, for many helminth infections, the treatment has to go through all the members of the family and of the people with contact with infected constant.